第 4 章 語法 Cheatsheet

下文許多內容直接自 Bookdown 擷取。想完整了解者,請閱讀 Bookdown 中的內容。

4.1 章節連結

4.1.1 錨點定義

在內文中,可以使用特殊語法建立前往其它章節的連結,但首先每個章節需要有錨點。若章節標題由英數組成,例如 ## Experimental Design, 則錨點會自動被定義成 experimental-design。若標題含有中文,例如 ## 實驗設計 則需自行定義錨點## 實驗設計 {#exp-design}

4.1.2 內文連結

要在內文建立連至其它章節的連結,需使用 \@ref(anchor) 的語法,例如,

  • 連結至 ## Experimental Design
    • \@ref(experimental-design)
  • 連結至 ## 實驗設計 {#exp-design}
    • \@ref(exp-design)

4.2 數學

4.2.1 Unnumbered Equations

\begin{equation*} 
\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x)
\end{equation*} 

\[\begin{equation*} \frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x) \end{equation*}\]

4.2.2 Numbered Equations

\begin{equation} 
  f\left(k\right) = \binom{n}{k} p^k\left(1-p\right)^{n-k}
  (\#eq:bino)
\end{equation} 

\@ref(eq:bino)

\[\begin{equation} f\left(k\right) = \binom{n}{k} p^k\left(1-p\right)^{n-k} \tag{4.1} \end{equation}\]

(4.1)

4.2.3 Multi-line Aligned Equations

\begin{equation} 
\begin{split}
\mathrm{Var}(\hat{\beta}) & =\mathrm{Var}((X'X)^{-1}X'y)\\
 & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\mathrm{Var}(y)((X'X)^{-1}X')'\\
 & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\mathrm{Var}(y)X(X'X)^{-1}\\
 & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\sigma^{2}IX(X'X)^{-1}\\
 & =(X'X)^{-1}\sigma^{2}
\end{split}
(\#eq:var-beta)
\end{equation}

詳見公式 \@ref(eq:var-beta)

\[\begin{equation} \begin{split} \mathrm{Var}(\hat{\beta}) & =\mathrm{Var}((X'X)^{-1}X'y)\\ & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\mathrm{Var}(y)((X'X)^{-1}X')'\\ & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\mathrm{Var}(y)X(X'X)^{-1}\\ & =(X'X)^{-1}X'\sigma^{2}IX(X'X)^{-1}\\ & =(X'X)^{-1}\sigma^{2} \end{split} \tag{4.2} \end{equation}\]

詳見公式 (4.2)

4.2.4 定理與證明

```{theorem, thm-label, name="Pythagorean theorem"}
For a right triangle, if $c$ denotes the length of the hypotenuse
and $a$ and $b$ denote the lengths of the other two sides, we have

$$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$$
```

詳見定理 \@ref(thm:thm-label)
Theorem 4.1 (Pythagorean theorem) For a right triangle, if \(c\) denotes the length of the hypotenuse and \(a\) and \(b\) denote the lengths of the other two sides, we have \[a^2 + b^2 = c^2\]

詳見定理 4.1

4.2.5 環境

除了 theorem 之外,還可以使用其它 bookdown 提供的環境。例如,將 code chunk 中 theorem 換成 proof, remark, solution1

4.1 呈現 bookdown 中的引用環境

表 4.1: Theorem environments in bookdown.
Environment Printed Name Label Prefix
theorem Theorem thm
lemma Lemma lem
corollary Corollary cor
proposition Proposition prp
conjecture Conjecture cnj
definition Definition def
example Example exm
exercise Exercise exr

4.3 Figure Referencing

```{r iris, fig.cap= "The iris data."}
library(ggplot2)
pl_iris <- ggplot(data = iris) +
             geom_point(aes(x = Sepal.Length,
                            y = Sepal.Width,
                            color = Species)
                        )
pl_iris
```
The iris data.

圖 4.1: The iris data.

見圖 \@ref(fig:iris)產生:見圖 4.1

4.3.1 Figure Caption

對於比較複雜的 caption,可以使用 Text reference 的方式:

對於比較複雜的 caption,可以使用 Text reference 的方式:

(ref:dia) 插入**引用資料** [@kassin2017] 的 Figure Caption.

```{r dia, fig.cap='(ref:dia)', fig.show='hold', out.width=c('48%','48%')}
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
  geom_point(aes(x = carat, 
                 y = price,
                 color = cut),
             size = 0.1) +
  guides(color = guide_legend(
    override.aes = list(size = 2)
    ))

pl_iris # Second figure
```
插入引用資料 (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2017) 的 Figure Caption.插入引用資料 (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2017) 的 Figure Caption.

圖 4.2: 插入引用資料 (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2017) 的 Figure Caption.

4.4 Table Referencing

(ref:mtcars) Dynamic variable in caption: `r Sys.time()`.

```{r mtcars, echo=FALSE}
knitr::kable(
  head(mtcars[, 1:8], 5), booktabs = TRUE,
  caption = '(ref:mtcars)'
  )
```

### Link Table in Later Sections {-}
見表 \@ref(tab:mtcars)
表 4.2: Dynamic variable in caption: 2021-02-17 23:12:24.
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs
Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0
Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1
Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1
Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0

4.5 總整理

  • \@ref(section-anchor)
  • (ref:mtcar) Text refereces
  • \@ref(fig:fig-label)
    • fig-label is code chunk label
  • \@ref(thm:thm-label)
    • thm-label is code chunk label
  • \@ref(tab:tab-label)
    • tab-label is code chunk label. Use text reference for complicated captions.
  • \@ref(eq:eq-label)
    • Defined as (\#eq:eq-label) in LaTeX equation environment

參考資料

Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2017). Social Psychology (10th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.


  1. theoremproofremark 這三者無法被 cross-reference。↩︎